Nope, for various legacy reasons you kinda need to be an citizen to receive one. Initially the banks issued and used it (hence the name) before the Tax Office adopted it. After a while the unemployment and social security office started adopting it.

Those uses were mostly fairly specific to citizen needs but in the past couple of years municipalies started using them for child care (where temporary expats definitely often need to get in touch) and soon after as the providers started looking for commercial clients the usage exploded everywhere in society and now it's starting to become really annoying/hard to live without one.