Earlier quoted context omitted.
I'm also curious about this. Especially since natural rubies and natural sapphires are the same type of gemstone, just in different colors. It sounds like the synthetic equivalents might not be similar at all!
The synthetic equivalents have to be similar, because they're the same thing as the natural stones, and the natural stones are similar. A ruby is corundum with chromium coloring it; a sapphire is corundum with (most typically) iron coloring it. Iron isn't rare, so either it affects the process used to make rubies, or there's no real reason for the price gap.
I do not know how this is done, but while the doping with chromium for rubies is simple, chromium will just substitute aluminum in the crystal lattice and it will provide a color determined by its concentration, for sapphires there may be necessary a more complex thermal treatment, so that the iron and titanium will form the right type of coupled defects in the crystal, in order to have the desired color.