Earlier quoted context omitted.
Saying that proper university did not exist before 11th century is disingenuous at its best and propaganda at its worst. It's like saying there is no proper engineering existed before civil engineering (civilian engineering) while military engineering has existed since time immomerial. There were numerous institutions of higher learning or universities in Muslim Spain, Middle East and Italian Sicily that the latter w…
> Ever wondered why all degrees granting universities using Arabic styled robe during graduation? I always assumed that's an American thing. I'm from southern Europe, I've graduated from university, and I've never seen anyone do the graduation with hats and capes, I've only seen it in Hollywood movies.
But it's common across Europe, you can find plenty of pictures if you search things like "graduation robes Berlin" or Prague or Paris.