One thing I've always been curious about is why the opportunity created by this sort of thing doesn't seem to be taken advantage of.
To take Iran as an example: when US sanctions prevent Boeing or Airbus from selling to them, I can understand why Embraer doesn't step in and offer to supply planes, because they are afraid of secondary sanctions affecting their business with the rest of the world.
But tech isn't like aircraft production — building a GitHub, Okta or Auth0 clone is a chunk of work but hardly infeasible — hell, most companies routinely built a partial Auth0 clone in-house until not that long ago. Many still do.
So why don't we see alternatives pop up that don't block Iran? It's a niche, but you get the whole niche to yourself, and Iran is not a small market.
From a legal perspective you would set up somewhere like UAE where they have a good climate for business but regularly do business with Iran, so that part shouldn't be an issue.
Network effects are a factor, but when you're blocked from the popular platform, you have a bigger incentive than usual to consider the less-popular one.