Quite simply because browsers are not just used for websites but as an application platform as well. Depending on the design and the requirements of an application modal dialogues and in rare cases even disabling leaving via the back button absolutely make sense. It might not amount to good UX practices but it's not malware or a dark pattern either. Besides, if at all possible most browser vendors try to be backward…
Sorry, I disagree with you. On a typical non-web application, a modal dialog doesn't prevent me from accessing other applications. It doesn't prevent me from forcefully killing crapware either. The idea that web applications should be able to break user expected control at the browser level is silly.
Browsers have Back, Forward, Refresh, Stop buttons, Tabs, cookie prefs, DNT prefs etc. Anything contained in a browser should respect these things. Browser devs should enforce this as browsers become more and more like their own operating systems.