The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking [pdf]

Study (PDF): https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2025/0...

I did not link to it directly because the PDFs title - "The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers" - was way too long for the HN title length limit.

Abstract (from the PDF):

> The rise of Generative AI (GenAI) in knowledge workflows raises questions about its impact on critical thinking skills and practices.

> We survey 319 knowledge workers to investigate 1) when and how they perceive the enaction of critical thinking when using GenAI, and 2) when and why GenAI affects their effort to do so. Participants shared 936 first-hand examples of using GenAI in work tasks.

> Quantitatively, when considering both task- and user-specific factors, a user’s task-specific self-confidence and confidence in GenAI are predictive of whether critical thinking is enacted and the effort of doing so in GenAI-assisted tasks.

> Specifically, higher confidence in GenAI is associated with less critical thinking, while higher self-confidence is associated with more critical thinking. Qualitatively, GenAI shifts the nature of critical thinking toward information verification, response integration, and task stewardship. Our insights reveal new design challenges and opportunities for developing GenAI tools for knowledge work.

As I expected. When I got a cell phone I forgot everyone's phone numbers, and I'm afraid if I use AI I'll forget how to think.

People are worried AI is making us dumber. You hear it all the time. GPS wrecked our sense of direction. Spellcheck killed spelling. Now it’s AI’s turn to supposedly rot our brains.

It’s the same old story. New tool comes along, people freak out about what we’re “losing.” But they’re missing the point. It’s never about losing skills, it’s about shifting them. And usually, the shift is upwards.

Take GPS. Yeah, okay, maybe you can’t navigate with a paper map anymore. So what? Navigation isn’t about memorizing street names. It’s about getting from A to B. GPS makes that way easier, for way more people. Suddenly, everyone can explore, find their way around unfamiliar places without stress. Is that “dumber”? No, it’s just… better navigation. We optimized for the outcome, not the parlor trick of knowing all the streets by heart.

Same with the printing press. Before that, memory was king. Stories, knowledge – all in your head. Then books came along, and the hand-wringing started. “We’ll stop memorizing! Our minds will get soft!” Except, that’s not what happened. Books didn’t make us dumber. They democratized knowledge. Freed up our brains from rote memorization to actually think, analyze, create. We shifted from being walking libraries to… well, to being able to use libraries. Again, better.

Now it’s AI and coding. The worry is, AI code assistants will make us worse programmers. Maybe we won’t memorize syntax as well. Maybe we’ll lean on AI to fill in the boilerplate. Fine. So what if we do?

Programming isn’t about remembering every function name in some library. It’s about solving problems with code. And AI? Right now, it’s a tool to solve problems faster, more efficiently. To use it well in its current form, you need to be better at the important parts of programming:

- Problem Definition: You have to be crystal clear about what you want to build. Vague prompts, vague code. AI kind of forces you to think precisely.

- System Design: AI can write code snippets. As of right now, designing a whole system? That’s still on you. And that’s the hard part, the valuable part.

- Testing and Debugging: AI isn’t magic. At least, not yet. You still need to test, validate, and fix its output. Critical thinking, still essential.

So, yeah, maybe some brain scans will show changes. Brains are plastic. Use a muscle less, it changes. Use a new one more, it grows. Expected. But if someone’s scoring lower on some old-school coding test because they rely on AI, ask yourself: are they actually worse at building software? Or are they just working smarter? Faster? More effectively with the tools available today?

This isn’t about “dumbing down.” It’s about cognitive specialization. We’re offloading the stuff machines are good at – rote tasks, memorization, syntax drudgery – so we can focus on what humans are actually good at: abstraction, creativity, problem-solving at a higher level.

Don’t get caught up in nostalgia for obsolete skills. Focus on the outcome. Are we building better things? Are we solving harder problems? Are we moving faster in this current technological landscape? If the answer is yes, then maybe “dumber” isn’t the right word. Maybe it’s just... evolved. And who knows what’s next?

https://tulio.org/blog/dumber-no-different/

They saw how much Apple was making from their customers.

AI can program, but not engineer. Even then, you eventually reach a point in the project where it is too complex for AI to even do snippets; especially if you are pioneering something new that has never been done before.

A sprinter is unlikely to win a marathon, and that is what using AI to program is like. By the time you have to take over, you have a huge learning curve ahead of you as you can lean on the AI less and less.

If you're doing something boring/boiler-plate, yeah, AI is helpful I guess.