I work in the humanitarian field in a poor country ravaged by war and famine. We have a number of humanitarian actors currently working in this country and no one actually has access to accurate population statistics. Well, none exists. The last census was conducted in 1975. I believe someone could use technology to get a much better estimate of the population. One thing that always springs to my mind is the possibil…
For those that want to follow up on this, you could use current satellite imagery to make population estimates, but it wouldn't be really accurate. You could wait for companies like Planet Labs[1] to get daily photos of the Earth (IIRC 4m resolution), and increase accuracy. You could also hire pilots to strap a camera and survey the interested areas. There are also, IMO, unethical spins (especially in oppressive regimes) that you could do with that data (ie: civilian surveillance). Or even cheaper, use drones (because you don't need daily or real time surveillance). That could also have other spinoffs. Or you could literally just send people to go count. Don't know which would be the cheapest.