I am not familiar with Pandoc, but it looks like a command-line tool that can do the same things? (Edit: I suspect this is probably one of those situations where different industries/domains end up developing similar tools in different ecosystems... Pandoc probably makes sense in academia, LaTex workflows, etc.? Mdast is used for web apps. I can see both realms wanting to do Markdown conversions, so I'm not surprised to see similar tools available in both. I'm a web dev, so only familiar with Mdast.)
My guess is that either toolchain could do the job... maybe just depends on personal preference whether someone prefers to pipe together command-line tools in a bash script, vs making use of the npm ecosystem (mdast is all in JS).
Maybe the popularity of JS & npm means there are available mdast plugins & third party packages that can help with whatever niche transformation you might need, and custom node rendering is just a lambda away. It's all in JS for a seamless experience, and there is no separate DSL to learn (just some basic helper functions).
That might be harder to do in Pandoc... (might need a custom Lua filter or another language like your Julia pattern matching?)
As for effectiveness... it probably just depends on the particular implementer :) I'd trust a grizzled old *NIX sysadmin type over your typical bootcamp JS programmer any day, but also... the JS ecosystem is pretty mature and powerful now, and Mdast is pretty amazing. At work we use it to build one of the most important parts of our app, and its power and flexibility never cease to amaze me.