One of two ways:
Come up with very very compelling reasons that you deserve said big raise by demonstrating what value your accomplishments for the company, and even if you have very very good justification, you could simply be told "Well we'd LIKE to, gee that'd be great, but sorry it's not in the budget."
... or ...
Move. Go somewhere else. Get a different job. If you feel like you're not being valued enough, there may not be a whole lot you can really do, and sometimes it simply isn't worth your trouble to wait for the next quarterly/semi-annual/annual review to talk about your accomplishments / compensation.
I'll share some of my personal experience-last year I was in the same position in which I was really growing to dislike my work. In the fall, I had started looking for new jobs, and by some stroke of luck, I pulled off a hat trick by having three job offers simultaneously. One was offering a 15% raise, the other a 25% raise, and the other a 47% raise. I didn't take the first one because the other two made me feel greedy, but I didn't take the other two because it would've meant too much time away from home with travel. At the end of the year, the company I stayed at only gave me a a 1% raise(yes, one percent)(I didn't have a good performance review, but even in past years with good reviews I only got 2.5% at best). I had gotten another offer in January 22% raise, but given a long commute and meager vacation time, I declined. Fast forward to late April, the company then laid off 20-something people, including myself. Luckily, I was just able to secure a new job that I'm starting on Monday, with a 19% raise(not including the 10% bonus, to boot), no change in commute, and 4 weeks off.
Be proactive and look out for yourself. Go out and interview, keep your options open. Never assume they have your best interest at heart.