1. I think this is rather obvious, work with what you have. Maybe think about hiring specifically for areas your team is in lacking in, as long as the team as a whole will see decent benefit from it.
2. I hate to say you're doing microservices "wrong" but I'd really question project structure and practices being the culprit behind the cost of doing devops with microservices.
3. This seems like an engineering fault, rather than some implicit principle behind those concepts causing more downtime.
4. How is CI a plaster on the problem of microservices? CI is useful with or without microservices.
5. Agile was always meant to be a guideline, not an end all and be all. It's meant to get your team to figure out how it wants to work, and write code before process. See: http://agilemanifesto.org/
The problems you are describing seem like big problems with your team, engineering and management. No amount of process and technology is ever going to fix a dysfunctional (sorry if that's too blunt) team. What I get from this, instead of having processes in place that make it easy to move code out, you're removing tooling to slow things down intentionally with the superficial result of "stabilizing" the entire development effort. The solution appears to be to get your team to write less code, and force management to bow down to the new reality of these "stabilizing" changes. Both of which can and sometimes should be done regardless of processes and tooling in place.
The best code is the code you don't write. But don't blame the tooling on making it easy for a team to be lazy and remove the all important characteristic of a team self-critiquing (i.e, "Do we really need this feature", "That'd be nice to have but right now we're managing to get things done.", "Did I actually test my code, was it reviewed, or am I just counting on the fact that I can shove something else out later while our redundancy systems pick up the slack?")